Menù principale
B016783 - physiology
Main information
Teaching Language
Course Content
Suggested readings
Learning Objectives
Prerequisites
Teaching Methods
Further information
Type of Assessment
Course program
Academic Year 2023-24
Course year
Second year - Annualità singola
Belonging Department
Experimantal and Clinical Medicine
Modulo di sola Frequenza of
Scientific Area
BIO/09 - PHYSIOLOGY
Credits
6
Teaching Hours
72
Teaching Term
25/09/2023 ⇒ 14/06/2024
Attendance required
No
Type of Evaluation
Giudizio Finale
Course Content
show
Course program
show
Lectureship
- Part A MUTOLO DONATELLA
- Part B CINELLI ELENIA
- Part B MUTOLO DONATELLA
Teaching Language - Part A
Italian
Teaching Language - Part B
Italian
Course Content - Part A
The course gives basic notions to understand human vital functions.
Course Content - Part B
The course gives basic notions to understand human vital functions.
Suggested readings - Part A (Search our library's catalogue)
Zocchi e altri AA - PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA EdiSES
McARDLE, KATCH, KATCH Fisiologia applicata allo sport. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
FISIOLOGIA DELL’UOMO Edi-Ermes
McARDLE, KATCH, KATCH Fisiologia applicata allo sport. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
FISIOLOGIA DELL’UOMO Edi-Ermes
Suggested readings - Part B (Search our library's catalogue)
Zocchi e altri AA - PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA EdiSES
McARDLE, KATCH, KATCH Fisiologia applicata allo sport. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
FISIOLOGIA DELL’UOMO Edi-Ermes
McARDLE, KATCH, KATCH Fisiologia applicata allo sport. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
FISIOLOGIA DELL’UOMO Edi-Ermes
Learning Objectives - Part A
At the end of the course students should demonstrate to know the basic functions of the human apparatuses and their regulation to teach exercise sciences.
Learning Objectives - Part B
At the end of the course students should demonstrate to know the basic functions of the human apparatuses and their regulation to teach exercise sciences.
Prerequisites - Part A
Knowledge of physics, histology and anatomy.
Prerequisites - Part B
Knowledge of physics, histology and anatomy.
Teaching Methods - Part A
Lectures with audio and video teaching material
Teaching Methods - Part B
Lectures with audio and video teaching material
Further information - Part A
The program and educational material are provided to students. Additional explanations and insights are provided by the teacher.
Further information - Part B
The program and educational material are provided to students. Additional explanations and insights are provided by the teacher.
Type of Assessment - Part A
Written (open and closed questions) and/or oral examination to verify the achievement of the knowledge reported in the training objectives. The topics covered in class will be requested with the insights presented during the lessons. The topics that have not been covered in class, but which are present in the program, will be requested keeping the recommended text as a reference. The student will be evaluated on the knowledge of the contents addressed, the appropriateness of the vocabulary and the adequacy of the argumentation of the answers.
Type of Assessment - Part B
Written (open and closed questions) and/or oral examination.
Course program - Part A
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Membrane potential
Selective membrane permeability. Intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations. The resting membrane potential. Ion channels. Active and passive ion currents. Sodium-potassium ATPase.
Subthreshold graded potentials
Depolarization and hyperpolarization. Spatial and temporal summation.
Action potential
Characteristics. Ion movements. Refractory period. Conduction in myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Classification of nervous fibres.
CELL-TO-CELL COMUNICATION
General properties of synaptic transmission.
Electrical synapses.
Chemical synapses – Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter actions. The neuromuscular junction: structure and function.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Sensory systems
Sensory receptors. Sensory transduction and signal coding. Adaptation.
Somatic and visceral sensation – Peripheral mechanisms: receptors and afferent fibres for mechanic, proprioceptive, thermal and pain sensation. Central pathways of pain perception. Referred pain. Somatosensory cortex.
Motor systems
Spinal reflexes: definition and general properties. Muscular somatic reflexes: afferent and efferent fibres in reflex arcs. Muscle spindle reflex. Golgi tendon organ reflex. Flexor reflex.
Autonomic nervous system
Functional organization. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Skeletal muscle
Functional organization. Structure and mechanism of the contraction. Sliding filament theory. Crossbridge cycles. Excitation-contraction coupling. Mechanics of muscle contraction. Twitch and tetanus. Isometric and isotonic contractions. Force-velocity relation. Length-tension relation. Fast and slow muscle fibres. Motor unit.
Smooth muscle
Functional organization. Excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of the electrical and contractile activity.
Cardiac muscle
Functional organization. Similarities and differences compared to the skeletal and smooth muscle.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart
Cardiac conduction system and contractile myocardium. Excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac electrophysiology – Myocardiac action potentials. Pacemakers and electrical conduction, refractory period. The electrocardiogram.
Contractility and cardiac cycle. Cardiac output. Regulation of the stroke volume and heart rate. Role of the autonomic nervous system. Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Circulation
Characteristics and function of the blood vessels. Pressure, volume, flow, and resistance. Poiseuille’s law.
Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Measurement of arterial blood pressure.
Distribution of blood to the tissues and resistance in the arterioles. Exchange at the capillaries.
Regulation of blood pressure.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Mechanical aspects of respiration – lung volumes and capacities. The spirometry. Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lungs, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, surfactant. Compliance and resistance of the airways.
Gas exchange. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
Gas transport in the blood. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion relationship.
Nervous control of respiration.
Sport physiology
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise. Cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations following training.
Energy and nutrient requirements in different physiological conditions and sports. Central and peripheral mechanisms regulating energy balance. Proper diet for exercise and training. Caloric value and dynamic-specific action of foods.
Membrane potential
Selective membrane permeability. Intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations. The resting membrane potential. Ion channels. Active and passive ion currents. Sodium-potassium ATPase.
Subthreshold graded potentials
Depolarization and hyperpolarization. Spatial and temporal summation.
Action potential
Characteristics. Ion movements. Refractory period. Conduction in myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Classification of nervous fibres.
CELL-TO-CELL COMUNICATION
General properties of synaptic transmission.
Electrical synapses.
Chemical synapses – Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter actions. The neuromuscular junction: structure and function.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Sensory systems
Sensory receptors. Sensory transduction and signal coding. Adaptation.
Somatic and visceral sensation – Peripheral mechanisms: receptors and afferent fibres for mechanic, proprioceptive, thermal and pain sensation. Central pathways of pain perception. Referred pain. Somatosensory cortex.
Motor systems
Spinal reflexes: definition and general properties. Muscular somatic reflexes: afferent and efferent fibres in reflex arcs. Muscle spindle reflex. Golgi tendon organ reflex. Flexor reflex.
Autonomic nervous system
Functional organization. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Skeletal muscle
Functional organization. Structure and mechanism of the contraction. Sliding filament theory. Crossbridge cycles. Excitation-contraction coupling. Mechanics of muscle contraction. Twitch and tetanus. Isometric and isotonic contractions. Force-velocity relation. Length-tension relation. Fast and slow muscle fibres. Motor unit.
Smooth muscle
Functional organization. Excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of the electrical and contractile activity.
Cardiac muscle
Functional organization. Similarities and differences compared to the skeletal and smooth muscle.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart
Cardiac conduction system and contractile myocardium. Excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac electrophysiology – Myocardiac action potentials. Pacemakers and electrical conduction, refractory period. The electrocardiogram.
Contractility and cardiac cycle. Cardiac output. Regulation of the stroke volume and heart rate. Role of the autonomic nervous system. Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Circulation
Characteristics and function of the blood vessels. Pressure, volume, flow, and resistance. Poiseuille’s law.
Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Measurement of arterial blood pressure.
Distribution of blood to the tissues and resistance in the arterioles. Exchange at the capillaries.
Regulation of blood pressure.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Mechanical aspects of respiration – lung volumes and capacities. The spirometry. Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lungs, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, surfactant. Compliance and resistance of the airways.
Gas exchange. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
Gas transport in the blood. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion relationship.
Nervous control of respiration.
Sport physiology
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise. Cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations following training.
Energy and nutrient requirements in different physiological conditions and sports. Central and peripheral mechanisms regulating energy balance. Proper diet for exercise and training. Caloric value and dynamic-specific action of foods.
Course program - Part B
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Membrane potential
Selective membrane permeability. Intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations. The resting membrane potential. Ion channels. Active and passive ion currents. Sodium-potassium ATPase.
Subthreshold graded potentials
Depolarization and hyperpolarization. Spatial and temporal summation.
Action potential
Characteristics. Ion movements. Refractory period. Conduction in myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Classification of nervous fibres.
CELL-TO-CELL COMUNICATION
General properties of synaptic transmission.
Electrical synapses.
Chemical synapses – Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter actions. The neuromuscular junction: structure and function.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Sensory systems
Sensory receptors. Sensory transduction and signal coding. Adaptation.
Somatic and visceral sensation – Peripheral mechanisms: receptors and afferent fibres for mechanic, proprioceptive, thermal and pain sensation. Central pathways of pain perception. Referred pain. Somatosensory cortex.
Motor systems
Spinal reflexes: definition and general properties. Muscular somatic reflexes: afferent and efferent fibres in reflex arcs. Muscle spindle reflex. Golgi tendon organ reflex. Flexor reflex.
Autonomic nervous system
Functional organization. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Skeletal muscle
Functional organization. Structure and mechanism of the contraction. Sliding filament theory. Crossbridge cycles. Excitation-contraction coupling. Mechanics of muscle contraction. Twitch and tetanus. Isometric and isotonic contractions. Force-velocity relation. Length-tension relation. Fast and slow muscle fibres. Motor unit.
Smooth muscle
Functional organization. Excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of the electrical and contractile activity.
Cardiac muscle
Functional organization. Similarities and differences compared to the skeletal and smooth muscle.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart
Cardiac conduction system and contractile myocardium. Excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac electrophysiology – Myocardiac action potentials. Pacemakers and electrical conduction, refractory period. The electrocardiogram.
Contractility and cardiac cycle. Cardiac output. Regulation of the stroke volume and heart rate. Role of the autonomic nervous system. Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Circulation
Characteristics and function of the blood vessels. Pressure, volume, flow, and resistance. Poiseuille’s law.
Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Measurement of arterial blood pressure.
Distribution of blood to the tissues and resistance in the arterioles. Exchange at the capillaries.
Regulation of blood pressure.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Mechanical aspects of respiration – lung volumes and capacities. The spirometry. Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lungs, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, surfactant. Compliance and resistance of the airways.
Gas exchange. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
Gas transport in the blood. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion relationship.
Nervous control of respiration.
Sport physiology
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise. Cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations following training.
Energy and nutrient requirements in different physiological conditions and sports. Central and peripheral mechanisms regulating energy balance. Proper diet for exercise and training. Caloric value and dynamic-specific action of foods.
Membrane potential
Selective membrane permeability. Intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations. The resting membrane potential. Ion channels. Active and passive ion currents. Sodium-potassium ATPase.
Subthreshold graded potentials
Depolarization and hyperpolarization. Spatial and temporal summation.
Action potential
Characteristics. Ion movements. Refractory period. Conduction in myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. Classification of nervous fibres.
CELL-TO-CELL COMUNICATION
General properties of synaptic transmission.
Electrical synapses.
Chemical synapses – Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter actions. The neuromuscular junction: structure and function.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Sensory systems
Sensory receptors. Sensory transduction and signal coding. Adaptation.
Somatic and visceral sensation – Peripheral mechanisms: receptors and afferent fibres for mechanic, proprioceptive, thermal and pain sensation. Central pathways of pain perception. Referred pain. Somatosensory cortex.
Motor systems
Spinal reflexes: definition and general properties. Muscular somatic reflexes: afferent and efferent fibres in reflex arcs. Muscle spindle reflex. Golgi tendon organ reflex. Flexor reflex.
Autonomic nervous system
Functional organization. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Skeletal muscle
Functional organization. Structure and mechanism of the contraction. Sliding filament theory. Crossbridge cycles. Excitation-contraction coupling. Mechanics of muscle contraction. Twitch and tetanus. Isometric and isotonic contractions. Force-velocity relation. Length-tension relation. Fast and slow muscle fibres. Motor unit.
Smooth muscle
Functional organization. Excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of the electrical and contractile activity.
Cardiac muscle
Functional organization. Similarities and differences compared to the skeletal and smooth muscle.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart
Cardiac conduction system and contractile myocardium. Excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac electrophysiology – Myocardiac action potentials. Pacemakers and electrical conduction, refractory period. The electrocardiogram.
Contractility and cardiac cycle. Cardiac output. Regulation of the stroke volume and heart rate. Role of the autonomic nervous system. Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Circulation
Characteristics and function of the blood vessels. Pressure, volume, flow, and resistance. Poiseuille’s law.
Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Measurement of arterial blood pressure.
Distribution of blood to the tissues and resistance in the arterioles. Exchange at the capillaries.
Regulation of blood pressure.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Mechanical aspects of respiration – lung volumes and capacities. The spirometry. Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lungs, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, surfactant. Compliance and resistance of the airways.
Gas exchange. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
Gas transport in the blood. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion relationship.
Nervous control of respiration.
Sport physiology
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise. Cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations following training.
Energy and nutrient requirements in different physiological conditions and sports. Central and peripheral mechanisms regulating energy balance. Proper diet for exercise and training. Caloric value and dynamic-specific action of foods.