Menù principale
B016750 - APPLIED BIOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES
Main information
Teaching Language
Suggested readings
Learning Objectives
Prerequisites
Teaching Methods
Type of Assessment
Course program
Academic Year 2018-19
Course year
First year - First Semester
Belonging Department
Experimantal and Clinical Medicine
Course Type
Single education field course
Scientific Area
BIO/13 - EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
Credits
9
Teaching Hours
108
Teaching Term
01/10/2018 ⇒ 30/04/2020
Attendance required
No
Type of Evaluation
Final Grade
Course program
show
Lectureship
Teaching Language
Italian
Suggested readings (Search our library's catalogue)
E. Giachetti, F. Ranaldi e P. Vanni Chimica Medica casa editrice: L.U.M.
Solomon,
” Elementi di Biologia” EdiSES ed
De Leo, Giannelli , Fasano Biologia e genetica EdiSES ed
A. Di Giulio, A. Fiorini, C. Stefanelli - Biochimica per le scienze motorie; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana (CEA).
Solomon,
” Elementi di Biologia” EdiSES ed
De Leo, Giannelli , Fasano Biologia e genetica EdiSES ed
A. Di Giulio, A. Fiorini, C. Stefanelli - Biochimica per le scienze motorie; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana (CEA).
Learning Objectives
Provide basic knowledge about the main biological macromolecules, cell structure and major metabolic pathways. Define the principles of genetic information, cell division mechanisms and cellular homeostasis. Provide also the mechanisms behind the cellular metabolic activities, especially with reference to the energy mechanisms.
Prerequisites
none
Teaching Methods
Frontal lesson
Type of Assessment
The evaluation will take into account the results of the student in the 3 tests carried out during the course. Every ongoing evaluation during the course must be held exclusively by the students of the first year of the course, during the classes and will last for 20 minutes.
Final Exam will be written or oral.
Final Exam will be written or oral.
Course program
Atomic Structure, Periodic System of Elements, Chemical Bonding. Solutions. Definition of solution, solvent and solute. Solubility. Solution Concentrations. Molarity. Osmotic pressure of a solution. Chemical equilibrium, ph, Hydrolysis and acid-base theory. Weak and strong acids and bases. Buffer Solutions: Composition and Utility. Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions. Definition of oxidation number. Oxidation Reduction (Redox) Reactions. Definition of living matter. Organization in cells, size in the living world. Carbohydrates: Generic structure and functional groups. Monosaccharides, classification in aldose and ketosis. Cyclization of monosaccharides. The O-glyosidic bond. Polysaccharides. Starch, cellulose and glycogen. Oligosaccharides: destrine. Disaccharides: maltose, lactose and sucrose. Lipids. Glycerol and fatty acids. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids. External bonds between glycerol and fatty acid in the lipids. Triacilglycerols or triglycerides. Phospholipids or phosphoglycerides. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. Function of the various lipid classes. Amino acids and proteins. Structure. Amino and carboxyl group, group R. Carbon alfa. Classification based on polarity: hydrophobic amino acids (aliphatic and aromatic) and polar (neutral and loads). Special features of glycine and proline. Classification based on the essential character in nutrition. The peptide bond. Proteins. Primary structure. Terminals N- and C- terminals. Covalent skeleton. Groups R. Importance of the amino acid sequence for a protein. Secondary structure. Alpha-propeller structure. Parallel and antiparallel leaf structure. Ripening protein and mixed proteins. Tertiary structure. Interactions responsible for the tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Functional protein classification. Hormones: Classification Nucleic Acids: structure and function. Autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Prokaryotes. Bacterial Cell: Structure. Eukaryotes: animal and plant cells: cellular organelles (R.E., nucleus, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, centrioles and cytoskeleton). Functions. The Origin of Life on Earth, Miller's Experiment. Biological clock. Cell membrane, structure and function. Transport through the membrane: passive, diffusion, active. Mitochondria and chloroplasts: structure and function. Breathing and photosynthesis. Lactic fermentation, why? Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Central dogma of biology. DNA as the home of genetic information. Chromatin, histones. Organization of DNA in eukaryotes. Replication of DNA. Viruses: bacterial and animal viral loop and lysogenic. RNA and DNA. Cell division: mitosis and cell cycle. Meiosis, possible mistakes during meiosis: aneuploidy, polyploidy. Asexual cellular reproduction, bacteria. Sexual cell reproduction: oogenesis, spermatogenesis. Transcription. Messaging messengers in eukaryotes. Translation, prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Genetic code. Protein Biosynthesis. Point mutations. Genotype and phenotype. Allele: Generated by mutations, multiple alleles: blood groups. Enzymes. Function and general features. Active site and specificity of the enzyme-substrate binding. Functional Classification of Enzymes. Enzymatic activity. Factors that influence enzymatic activity (pH, temperature and substrate concentration). Enzyme inhibitors. Reversible and irreversible inhibitors. Competitive, non-competitive inhibitors. Metabolism, general concepts. Catabolism and anabolism. Production and use of energy by cells. ATP and creatinphosphate. Coenzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. NAD +, NADP + and FAD. Starch digestion, glycogen. Glycogenic structure and catabolism (glycogenosis). Glycolysis. Glycolysis Reactions. Glycolysis energy output. Production of ATP and NADH during glycolysis. Entry into fructose glycolysis and galactose. Aerobic glycolysis and anaerobic glycolysis and their importance in intense and short-lived physical activity and in constant and long-lasting physical activity. Adjustment of glycolysis and glycogenosis in muscle and liver at different moments of physical activity (resting after a meal, resting away from meals, in situations of danger or tension, in intense and short-term activities). Tricyclic acid chain and respiratory chain. Conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate dehydrogenase. Tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions (or Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle). Production of CO2, NADH and FADH2 in the Krebs cycle. Role of the Krebs cycle in the supply of compounds for other metabolic reactions. Respiratory chain. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and reduction of O2. ATP synthase. Total energy yield of carbohydrate catabolism Triglycerides digestion and transport.