Menù principale
B016929 - PHYSIOLOGY
Main information
Teaching Language
Course Content
Suggested readings
Learning Objectives
Prerequisites
Teaching Methods
Further information
Type of Assessment
Course program
Academic Year 2021-22
Course year
First year - Second Semester
Belonging Department
Experimantal and Clinical Medicine
Course Type
Single education field course
Scientific Area
BIO/09 - PHYSIOLOGY
Credits
6
Teaching Hours
48
Teaching Term
28/02/2022 ⇒ 18/06/2022
Attendance required
No
Type of Evaluation
Final Grade
Course Content
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Course program
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Lectureship
Teaching Language
Italian
Course Content
Homeostasis: active and passive factors. Trans-membrane transport of water and solute transport. Trans-epithelial transport. Elettrochemical equilibrium. Bioelectrical potentials. Propagation and transmission of the information in the nervous system. Signal transduction in the sense receptors. Muscle contraction and cell motility. The mechanisms of visceral functions (gas and solutes exchanges). Example of a regulated system: Sensory-motor integration
Suggested readings (Search our library's catalogue)
Randall et al.: Eckert, Animal Physiology Aidley: The Physiology of excitable cells, (IV ed). Cambridge University Press
D'Angelo – Peres: Fisiologia, Edi Ermes
Nicholls et al.: From neuron to brain . Zanichelli
D'Angelo – Peres: Fisiologia, Edi Ermes
Nicholls et al.: From neuron to brain . Zanichelli
Learning Objectives
Knolewdge acquired:
Mechanisms of functioning of the animals at cell, tissue and organ levels.
Competence acquired
To understand the relation between structure and function at the different levels of organization of the living matter. To understand
the role of the external milieu and of passive and active parameters implied in cell and tissue homeostasis.
Skills acquired (at the end of the course):
To analyse and understand the relation between the parameters that are relevant for a biological function, using graphic representations. To understand the concepts reported in the textbooks of general physiology and the progress of knowledge in the field.
Mechanisms of functioning of the animals at cell, tissue and organ levels.
Competence acquired
To understand the relation between structure and function at the different levels of organization of the living matter. To understand
the role of the external milieu and of passive and active parameters implied in cell and tissue homeostasis.
Skills acquired (at the end of the course):
To analyse and understand the relation between the parameters that are relevant for a biological function, using graphic representations. To understand the concepts reported in the textbooks of general physiology and the progress of knowledge in the field.
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of Matematics, Physics and Chemistry
Teaching Methods
Contact hours for: Lectures (hours): 48
Further information
Frequency of lectures and virtual lab:
requested
Teaching tools:
Model simulations. Video on techniques in Physiology.
requested
Teaching tools:
Model simulations. Video on techniques in Physiology.
Type of Assessment
Exam modality: written tests "in itinere" and final writted and oral exam
Course program
Course Contents (detailed programme): CELL OMEOSTASIS, TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
Structure of cell membrane. Concept of cell membrane in physiology. Omeostasi: meccanismi passive e attivi. Transmembrane transport of water and solutes. Osmolarity and tonicity. The time constant in diffusion processes. Mediate transports. Ionic channels, carriers, pumps. Types of active transport. Transepithelial transport. Energy balance. Transport between moving compartments. Countercurrent exchanger and multiplier in the kidney. Gas diffusion through the respiratory epithelia.
Electrochemical equilibrium and bioelectric potentials. Equilibrium potential. Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. Multi-ionic membrane potentials. Na+-K+ pump. Electric model of the membrane.
MECHANISMS OF SOMATIC FUNCTIONS
Electric and chemical signals. Animal electricity. Excitability, threshold. Recording of electrical activity of nerve cells. The mechanism of the action potential. Characteristics of voltage- dependent ion channels. Propagation and transmission of nerve impulse. Electric and chemical synapses. Gap junctions. The neuromuscular junction: neurotransmitter mechanism. Ca++ and exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. Kinetics of the neurotransmitter receptor-channel. Synapses between neurons. Synaptic integration in spinal motoneurons. Direct and indirect chemical synapses. Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Neuromodulation. Sensory receptors. The receptor potential and the transduction mechanism. Relation between the intensity of the stimulus and receptor response. Adaptation. Amplitude and frequency codification of the response. Neural control of the receptor response.
Cell motility and muscle contraction. Structure-function relation in skeletal muscle. Muscle proteins and reconstituted contractile models. Sliding filament theory. Mechanics and energetic of the contraction. Heath and work production. Power and efficiency. Chemo-mechanical coupling. The action of the molecular motor protein myosin II. Excitation-contraction coupling. Structure-function relation of the transversal and longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum. Regulation: role of Ca++ and regulatory proteins. Molecular motors, processivity.
MECHANISMS OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS.
The heart and the circulatory system. Structure-function of the heart in vertebrates. Cardiac action potential. ECG. Pace-maker potential. Relation between electrical and mechanical cycle in the heart activity. Neural control. Microcirculation. Exchange of gasses and solutes in tissues.
Structure-function relation of smooth muscle cell. Relation between the electrical activity and the mechanical response. Factors that influence the function of smooth muscle: mechanical stimuli, chemical mediators, hormons.
Metabolism. Direct and indirect calorimetry.
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS OF REGULATION AND CONTROL.
Negative and positive feedback. Integrated functions. The control of movement. Feedback instability and its correction.
Structure of cell membrane. Concept of cell membrane in physiology. Omeostasi: meccanismi passive e attivi. Transmembrane transport of water and solutes. Osmolarity and tonicity. The time constant in diffusion processes. Mediate transports. Ionic channels, carriers, pumps. Types of active transport. Transepithelial transport. Energy balance. Transport between moving compartments. Countercurrent exchanger and multiplier in the kidney. Gas diffusion through the respiratory epithelia.
Electrochemical equilibrium and bioelectric potentials. Equilibrium potential. Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. Multi-ionic membrane potentials. Na+-K+ pump. Electric model of the membrane.
MECHANISMS OF SOMATIC FUNCTIONS
Electric and chemical signals. Animal electricity. Excitability, threshold. Recording of electrical activity of nerve cells. The mechanism of the action potential. Characteristics of voltage- dependent ion channels. Propagation and transmission of nerve impulse. Electric and chemical synapses. Gap junctions. The neuromuscular junction: neurotransmitter mechanism. Ca++ and exocytosis of the neurotransmitter. Kinetics of the neurotransmitter receptor-channel. Synapses between neurons. Synaptic integration in spinal motoneurons. Direct and indirect chemical synapses. Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Neuromodulation. Sensory receptors. The receptor potential and the transduction mechanism. Relation between the intensity of the stimulus and receptor response. Adaptation. Amplitude and frequency codification of the response. Neural control of the receptor response.
Cell motility and muscle contraction. Structure-function relation in skeletal muscle. Muscle proteins and reconstituted contractile models. Sliding filament theory. Mechanics and energetic of the contraction. Heath and work production. Power and efficiency. Chemo-mechanical coupling. The action of the molecular motor protein myosin II. Excitation-contraction coupling. Structure-function relation of the transversal and longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum. Regulation: role of Ca++ and regulatory proteins. Molecular motors, processivity.
MECHANISMS OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS.
The heart and the circulatory system. Structure-function of the heart in vertebrates. Cardiac action potential. ECG. Pace-maker potential. Relation between electrical and mechanical cycle in the heart activity. Neural control. Microcirculation. Exchange of gasses and solutes in tissues.
Structure-function relation of smooth muscle cell. Relation between the electrical activity and the mechanical response. Factors that influence the function of smooth muscle: mechanical stimuli, chemical mediators, hormons.
Metabolism. Direct and indirect calorimetry.
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS OF REGULATION AND CONTROL.
Negative and positive feedback. Integrated functions. The control of movement. Feedback instability and its correction.